EMS Studies
EMS-studies Sport and Fitness
Being in shape, building muscle, achieving good sports performance – according to some study results, this is possible with electrical muscle stimulation training. The following overview shows you which research results already exist on EMS training. And the studies show: EMS training offers you benefits – both in terms of sports and fitness as well as health.
This is what training with electrical muscle stimulation can do
EMS training can help to improve maximum strength and target specific muscle groups - leg, abdominal, arm, and back muscles. Strength endurance and speed can also be trained with the help of EMS, resulting in improved athletic performance. Especially sprint time and jumping power can be improved with EMS training. In addition, some studies show the possibility of improving maximum oxygen uptake with the help of EMS training, which plays an important role in athletic performance. Training with electrical muscle stimulation has also proven to be a suitable training supplement for certain sports such as football, swimming, or tennis.
The following overview provides you with the most important results from EMS studies. By clicking on the respective topic, you can learn more about the study results. Some studies can be assigned to several topics and are therefore listed multiple times. We have summarized the studies on health separately for you. It should be noted that some studies have limitations. These include small sample sizes or limited gender and age distributions within the samples.
Sports and Fitness
Maximum strength
Electrical muscle stimulation as whole-body training - a multi-centre study on the use of whole-body EMS in fitness centres
Purpose of the analysis
was to investigate whether electrically stimulated whole-body training resulted in positive changes in strength, back pain, body image, anthropometry, mood, incontinence, and general health factors.
Methods
The methods included 134 subjects, 102 women and 32 men, with an average age of 42.5 years, who were interviewed and tested before and after six weeks of training. They were compared to a control group consisting of 10 subjects (n=10) and stratified by age and gender. Whole-body EMS training sessions were conducted twice a week for a total of 12 times. The training parameters were composed as follows: pulse duration/pause 4 s/4 s, 85 Hz, square pulses, pulse width 350 µs. A training session consisted of a 10-15 minute introductory session followed by 25 minutes of training with static exercise positions. Thereafter, a five-minute training program was performed with the following training parameters: (pulse duration 1 s, pulse pause 1 s, 100Hz, rectangular pulses, pulse width 150 µs). 18 subjects terminated training prematurely.
Results
The results showed that maximum strength increased by 12.2% and strength endurance by 69.3%. Female subjects benefited more from the training than male subjects (13.6% vs. 7.3%). BMI and body weight remained approximately unchanged. Among female subjects, body measurements were significantly reduced at the chest (- 0.7 cm), thighs (- 0.4 cm), waist (- 1.4 cm), and hips (- 1.1 cm). Among male subjects, waist measurements decreased (- 1.1 cm) while increases were observed in upper arms (+ 1.5 cm), chest (+ 1.2 cm), and thighs (+0.3 cm). No improvements were observed in the control group, while the subjects in the control group had gained weight in the hips and waist during the period.
Furthermore, 86.8% reported positive effects on body shaping. 90% perceived the EMS training as positive. 83% stated that they felt less tense, and 89.1% felt more stable. Stronger improvements, especially in patients with complaints, were noted in terms of height and intensities. However, greater muscle pain also occurred here.
University of Bayreuth, 2003. J. Vatter.
Effects of whole-body muscle stimulation on body composition and strength parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
The purpose of the analysis
was to analyze the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation on body composition and strength in adults.
Methods
include clinical randomized trials. Within the intervention groups, all subjects should have performed the same exercises with a whole-body electrical stimulation suit. Only data from adult subjects with no prior experience with whole-body EMS were included. Primary endpoints in this study are muscle mass or fat-free mass and percentage fat or fat mass. Secondary endpoints are muscle strength and maximum strength.
Results
show that body composition in women (pre- and postmenopausal) and in trained subjects has been effectively changed by whole-body electromyostimulation. Previous studies have also found an increase in performance and strength in older adults and professional athletes. However, no systematic studies have investigated the effect of both variables in any of these population groups.
2021. L. Rodriguez-Santana, J. C. Adsudar, G. Louro, J. Perez-Gomez.
The effectiveness of EMS in tennis training: Antelope case study
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of EMS training during tennis training.
Methods:
Antelope followed tennis player Sophia Bergner for three months. In addition to Sophia's normal training, she performed EMS training two to three times a week. After the three months, Sophia's strength and mobility were measured using FPZ equipment from the company DAVID.
Results:
After the three months, the following strength gains were measured for Sophia: Trunk extension increased by 12 percent, trunk flexion decreased by 5.4 percent. The hitting motion or rotation with her right arm increased by 25.2 percent, with her left arm it was even 51.9 percent. Strength gains in rotation of both outer shoulder joints improved by 19.5 percent. Strength gains were also observed in her legs: The strength in her right leg improved by 6.4 percent, and that of her left leg improved by 17.1 percent. An improved strength gain of 29.2 percent was observed on leg press, and the strength gain of knee flexion on both sides was 11.5 percent.
Year of publication: 2022
Short- and long-term training effects of mechanical and electrical stimulation on strength diagnostic parameters
Methods
In total, 80 sports students from the German Sport University Cologne were randomized into the following 8 different training groups: EMS, maximum strength, rapid strength, strength endurance, vibration, hypertrophy, EMS/hypertrophy, vibration/hypertrophy. The subjects had strength training experience of at least two years and a sports fitness certificate. The training sessions were performed by the subjects twice a week for 4 weeks. Classic training and strength diagnostics were performed on a leg extension and a leg curl machine. After a warm-up on a cycle ergometer, strength diagnostics were performed.
Results
An increase in maximum strength could only be achieved with EMS training using the velocity component, with 40% additional load (29%). The velocity component, together with the strength component, determines dynamic performance. Even training groups with typical designs for maximum strength or rapid strength were able to significantly increase maximum performance only in interaction with or exclusively via the strength component. Thus, dynamic EMS training at submaximal intensity seems to offer new possibilities for increasing practice-relevant maximum performances.
German Sport University Cologne, 2009. J. Mester, S. Nowak, J. Schmithüsen, H. Kleinöder, U. Speicher.
Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation versus High-Intensity Resistance Training on Body Composition and Strength: A Randomized Controlled Trial
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the influence of WB EMS (whole-body electromyostimulation) and HIT (high-intensity resistance training) on muscle strength and body composition in middle-aged men. For this purpose, 48 untrained, healthy men aged 30 to 50 years were randomly assigned to either a WB-EMS group (3 sessions in two weeks) or a HIT group (2 sessions in one week). Both groups trained for a total of 16 weeks. The WB EMS group trained with intermittent stimulation (6 s WB-EMS, 4 s rest; 85 Hz, 350 µs) for 20 minutes, and the HIT group followed a "single-set-to-failure protocol".
Results
showed that changes in LBM (lean body mass) were significant in both groups (HIT 1.25% ± 1.44% vs. WB EMS). Differences between the groups were not significant. Back extension strength and leg extension strength increased in both the WB EMS group and the HIT group, but again, no significant differences were recorded between the groups. Corresponding to these changes, changes in body fat were also noted.
Conclusion
was that, based on the study results, WB EMS can be considered a costly but also time-saving alternative to HIT resistance training for those seeking to improve overall body and strength composition.
W. Kemmler. M. Teschler, A. Weißenfels, M. Bebenek, M. Fröhlich, M. Kohl, S. von Stengel.
Effect of high and low frequency electrical stimulation on maximal isometric strength and some morphological characteristics in men
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effects of two electrical stimulation methods on calf circumference, skinfold thickness, and maximal isometric force in the stimulated and non-stimulated (contralateral) legs.
Methods:
The participants consisted of 36 men who voluntarily participated in the study and were each assigned to one of three groups. Over a period of 21 days, subjects in Group 1 and Group 2 were stimulated daily with the electrical stimulation method for the triceps surae muscle. Group 1 was stimulated with a low-frequency alternating current (50 Hz), and Group 2 was stimulated with a higher frequency alternating current (20000 Hz). The third group was the control group.
Results:
The maximal isometric muscle strength in the stimulated (50.3% and 58.8%) and non-stimulated (contralateral) muscles of Group 1 and Group 2 increased significantly (39.7% and 32.2%). Such a significant increase in maximal isometric force was not observed in Group 3 (the control group). In both experimental groups, calf circumference also increased. In Group 2, skinfold thickness decreased by 21.6%.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1987. M. Cabric, H. J. Appell.
Muscle training in the future: Scientific and practical application of whole-body electromyostimulation training (WB EMS) with special emphasis on strength training
Methods
80 sports students trained leg flexors and extensors twice a week on exercise machines (from the company GYM80) in different groups (muscle building, strength endurance, maximum strength; in 3 sets each). For this purpose, the subjects trained with different additional loads (30 to 90% of the individual maximum strength; 1 repetition maximum) with 3 to 15 repetitions. Sports students had at least 2 years of strength training experience before the start of the study. Another group trained with whole-body electromyostimulation (EMS). For this, the subjects in this group performed lunges and squats without additional load under electrical stimulation (3 sets, 10 repetitions, load/pause 6 s/4s, pulse frequency 85Hz, pulse width 350µs, rectangular pulse). The training was performed twice a week for 4 weeks. The dynamics of the subjects were measured by means of force, which is composed of strength and speed and can be increased via these components.
Results
The performance of the muscles for leg extension and leg flexion improved significantly in all groups that performed strength training. These improvements occurred across the strength factor, except in the whole-body electromyostimulation (EMS) group and the mixed WB-EMS/muscle building group. Only these two groups showed significant improvements in speed. The improvement in measured performance occurred via increased speed by approx. 30. Thus, speed, which is not easy to target, was improved within a short period. This could be due to the fact that the fast muscle fibres are directly affected via electrical stimulation during whole-body electromyostimulation training. Furthermore, the results could show that whole-body electromyostimulation in combination with a dynamic execution of a movement can be a promising way to train speed and strength, as long as the whole-body electromyostimulation training is applied in a well-balanced way.
Medicalsports network, 2007. H. Kleinöder.
Electrical Stimulation and Swimming Performance
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effects of electrostimulation training on 14 competitive swimmers in relation to their swimming performance and the strength of the latissimus dorsi muscle.
Methods:
For this purpose, subjects were divided into an electrostimulated training group (7 subjects) and a control group (7 subjects). Using an isokinetic dynamometer, maximum torque at various speeds (from -60 deg.s(-1) to 360 deg.s(-1)) during arm extension and flexion was recorded. Subjects' performance was measured over a 50-meter freestyle swim as well as over a 25-meter pull-buoy.
Results:
A significant increase (P < .05) in maximum torque was recorded under concentric, isometric, and eccentric conditions for the electrostimulated training group. There was also a significant decrease in swimming times within the electrostimulation group of 0.38 +/- 0.24 s for 50-m freestyle and 0.19 +/- 0.14 s for 25-m pull-buoy. No significant differences were found within the control group. Variations in maximum torque (measured under eccentric conditions; -60 deg.s(-1)) were associated with variations in performance within the control group (r = 0.77; P < 0.01). Therefore, it can be stated that swimming performance as well as the strength of the latissimus dorsi muscle in competitive swimmers can be improved with the help of an electrostimulated training program.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1995. F Pichon, J. C. Chatard, A. Martin, & G. Cometti.
Strength training with electromyostimulation? An empirical study of the strength effects of electromyostimulation training with varying training durations
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate whether electromyostimulation training with a duration of less than 15 minutes would improve muscle strength and other parameters. It was also intended to measure the degree of muscle tissue tension caused by EMS training, the intensity, and indirectly the effectiveness of the training.
Methods:
Fifty-five male sports students with an average age of 22.9 years were randomly divided into two training groups: Group 1 trained for 5 minutes with EMS, and Group 2 trained for 10 minutes with EMS (n = 22 for each). In addition, there was a control group (n = 11). Over a total of 6 weeks, the subjects trained twice a week with the following stimulation parameters: Pulse duration 4 s, pulse pause 4 s, frequency 80 Hz, pulse width 350 μs, bipolar square pulses. Dynamic maximum strength, strength endurance, body weight, body fat percentage, and CK (creatine kinase) levels were determined 24 hours after training. Body perception, mood, and state of mind were also determined.
Results:
Dynamic strength endurance and maximum strength significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001) in both training groups: From up to 41% and 34% respectively in strength endurance and from up to 10% and 8% respectively in maximum strength. No significant difference in strength effects could be measured (p > 0.05). A significant weight gain of 0.83% was determined for Group 1 and 0.90% for Group 2. In contrast, no improvements in body fat content were observed. Creatine kinase levels were 595 U/l in Group 1 and slightly higher at 761 U/l in Group 2. Creatine kinase activity was primarily affected by training intensity.
Conclusion:
Strength gains were not improved with a shortened working time to 5 and 10 minutes, respectively, unlike previous studies. The results indicate that a training duration of approximately 15 minutes is considered optimal for achieving strength gains. The high increase in creatine kinase levels after EMS training suggests that the muscles were subjected to a very intense load. However, a shortened training duration does not crucially change the activity of the enzyme creatine kinase; rather, it appears that the current intensity plays an important role in increasing creatine kinase.
Unpublished diploma thesis, Universität Bayreuth, 2006. W.-U. Boeck-Behrens, D. Mainka.
Feasibility and effectiveness of progressive electrostimulation strength training for competitive tennis players
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the influence of electrostimulated strength exercises on tennis players' anaerobic performance during the preparation season.
Methods:
12 tennis players (7 women and 5 men) completed 9 training sessions for quadriceps over 3 weeks, each of 16 minutes (frequency: 85 Hz; on-off ratio: 5.25-25 seconds). For this purpose, electrostimulated training sessions were integrated into the tennis training sessions. Shuttle sprint time, maximum quadriceps force, and vertical jump height were measured.
Results:
Compared to the start of the study, the jump height from countermovement was significantly higher in week five (+5.3%) and week six (+6.4%) (p < 0.05). In the sixth week, the subjects showed a significantly shortened sprint time of 2 x 10 meters (-3.3%) compared to before training (p = 0.004). The training parameters were linearly progressive within the 3-week training period. Thus, electrostimulated strength training was successfully integrated into the training. Anaerobic strength and stretch-shortening cycle power showed delayed improvement throughout the entire study period. The study's results suggest that progressive electrostimulated strength training can be integrated into the early tennis season and improve anaerobic performance for both women and men.
N. Maffiuletti, J. Bramanti, M. Jubeau, M. Bizzini, G. Deley, G. Cometti.
Speed strength
Muscle training in the future: Scientific and practical application of whole-body electromyostimulation training (WB EMS) with special focus on strength training.
Methods:
80 sports students trained the flexor and extensor muscles of the thigh twice a week on exercise machines (GYM80 company) in different groups (muscle building, strength endurance, maximum strength; in 3 sets each). For this purpose, the subjects trained with different additional loads (30 to 90% of the individual maximum strength; 1 repetition maximum) with 3 to 15 repetitions. Sports students had at least 2 years of experience in strength training prior to the start of the study. Another group trained with whole-body EMS. For this, the subjects in this group performed lunges and squats without additional load under electrical stimulation (3 sets, 10 repetitions, load/pause 6s/4s, pulse frequency 85Hz, pulse width 350µs, rectangular pulse). The training was carried out twice a week for 4 weeks. The dynamics of the subjects were measured by means of power, which consists of force and velocity, and can be increased via these components.
Results:
The performance of the extensor and flexor muscles of the thigh significantly improved in all groups that performed strength training. These improvements occurred across the strength factor, except in the whole-body EMS group and the mixed WB-EMS/muscle building group. Only these two groups showed significant improvements in velocity. The improvement in measured performance was via increased velocity by approximately 30. Thus, velocity, which is not easy to target, was improved in a short period of time. This may be due to the fact that fast muscle fibers are directly targeted via electrical stimulation during whole-body EMS training. Furthermore, the results could show that whole-body EMS in combination with a dynamic execution of a movement can be a promising way to train velocity and strength, as long as whole-body EMS training is applied in a well-balanced manner.
Medicalsports network, 2007. H. Kleinöder.
The Effectiveness of EMS during Tennis Training: A Case Study of Antelope
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of EMS training during tennis practice.
Methods:
Antelope followed tennis player Sophia Bergner for three months. In addition to Sophia's normal training, she performed EMS training two to three times a week. After the three months, Sophia's strength and mobility were measured using FPZ equipment from the company DAVID.
Results:
After the three months, the following strength gains were measured for Sophia: Back extension increased by 12 percent, back flexion decreased by 5.4 percent. The strength in the striking movement or rotation with her right arm increased by 25.2 percent; with her left arm, it was even 51.9 percent. Strength gains in the rotation of both outer shoulder joints improved by 19.5 percent. Strength gains were also observed in her legs: The strength in her right leg improved by 6.4 percent, and the strength in her left leg improved by 17.1 percent. An improved strength gain of 29.2 percent was observed on the leg press, and the strength gain of knee flexion on both sides was 11.5 percent.
Year of publication: 2022
The Effects of an Electrostimulation Training Program on Strength, Jump and Kick Capacities in Soccer Players.
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effects of a 5-week electrostimulation training program on shot velocity, muscle strength, sprint, and vertical jump performance in soccer players.
Methods:
Twenty amateur soccer players participated in the study and were assigned to an electrostimulation group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). Electrostimulation was performed on the quadriceps muscles for 5 weeks. Measurements were taken before, during (week 3), and after (week 5) the EMS training program.
Results:
An increase in eccentric maximal as well as isometric knee extension torque was observed in week 3. In addition, improved ball velocity without approach was measured in week 3. The results suggest that EMS training should be performed for at least 3 weeks to achieve positive effects on specific soccer skills such as ball velocity.
M. Billot, A. Martin, C. Paizis, C. Cometti, N. Babault.
Effects of combined whole-body electrostimulation and plyometric training on vertical jump performance, 20-m sprint time, and handgrip strength.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of a 6-week training program combining low-intensity plyometric training (PT) and whole-body electrical stimulation on 20-meter sprint time, handgrip strength, and vertical jump performance. The results were to be compared with those from traditional plyometric training.
Methods:
20 sports science students (10 females and 10 males) were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. Over a 6-week period, both groups trained three times a week at low intensity. On the third day, the training in the experimental group was combined with whole-body electrical stimulation. Peak countermovement jump (CMJ) and CMJ peak power were measured before and after the training period.
Results:
CMJ height and peak CMJ power significantly increased in both groups, although the effect size was larger in the experimental group (p < 0.001, g = 0.68; p < 0.001, g = 0.70, respectively). No significant differences between groups were measured at follow-up. Handgrip strength increased in both groups, but the effect sizes were minimal. In addition, a significant improvement in 20-meter sprint time was observed, but the effect size was larger in the control group (p < 0.001, g = -1.68). The combined program of plyometric training and whole-body electrical stimulation produced the best results for improving CMJ performance, and traditional plyometric training showed the most effective results for 20-meter sprint time.
M. Á. Martín-Simón, D. Rojano-Ortega.
Electrostimulation and swimming performance
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effects of electrostimulation training on 14 competitive swimmers, focusing on their swimming performance and strength in the latissimus dorsi muscle.
Methods
For this purpose, participants were divided into an electrostimulated training group (7 participants) and a control group (7 participants). Using an isokinetic dynamometer, peak moments at various speeds (from -60 deg.s(-1) to 360 deg.s(-1)) during arm extension and flexion were recorded. Participants' performance was measured over a 50-meter freestyle swim and a 25-meter pull buoy.
Results
A significant increase (P < .05) in peak moments was observed during concentric, isometric, and eccentric conditions for the electrostimulated training group. A significant decrease in swimming times was also observed within the electrostimulation training group, by 0.38 +/- 0.24 s for the 50-meter freestyle swim and 0.19 +/- 0.14 s for the 25-meter pull-buoy. No significant differences were found within the control group. Variations in peak moment (measured in eccentric condition; -60 deg.s(-1)) were associated with variations in performance within the control group (r = 0.77; P < 0.01). Thus, it can be stated that the swimming performance as well as the strength of the latissimus dorsi muscle in competitive swimmers can be improved with the help of an electrostimulated training program.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1995. F Pichon, J. C. Chatard, A. Martin, & G. Cometti.
Short- and long-term training effects of mechanical and electrical stimulation on strength-diagnostic parameters
Methods
A total of 80 sports students from the German Sport University Cologne were randomized into the following 8 different training groups: EMS, maximum strength, rapid strength, endurance, vibration, hypertrophy, EMS/hypertrophy, vibration/hypertrophy. Participants had at least two years of experience in strength training and a sports fitness certification. Training sessions were conducted by participants twice a week for 4 weeks. Classical training and strength diagnostics were performed on a Leg Curl and a Leg Extension machine. After warming up on an exercise bike, strength diagnostics were performed.
Results
An increase in maximum power could only be achieved with the help of EMS training via the speed component, with an additional load of 40% (29%). The speed component, along with the strength component, determines dynamic performance. Even training groups with typical designs for maximum strength or rapid strength could only significantly increase maximum performance in conjunction with or exclusively via the strength component. Thus, it appears that dynamic EMS training at submaximal intensity offers new opportunities to increase practice-relevant maximum forces.
German Sport University Cologne, 2009. J. Mester, S. Nowak, J. Schmithüsen, H. Kleinöder, U. Speicher.
Effects of Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Power in Elite Rugby Players
The purpose of the analysis was to examine the effects of a 12-week electromyostimulation training program on the performance of elite rugby players.
Methods included 25 rugby players, 15 of whom were assigned to an electrostimulation group and 10 others to a control group. The training sessions were conducted three times a week for the first six weeks and only once a week for the following six weeks. Electrical stimulation was performed on the glutes, ankle extensors, and knee extensors. Sprint running times, vertical jump height, and knee flexion strength were also measured.
Results showed improvements in squat jump (+10.0 +/- 9.5%; p < 0.01), drop jump from a height of 40 centimeters (+6.6 +/- 6.1%; p < 0.05), knee flexion strength (+15.0 +/- 8.0%; < p 0.001), and maximal concentric force (p < 0.05) in the electrostimulation group. There were no significant changes within the control group. The performance and muscle strength of elite rugby players improved after 12 weeks of electrostimulated training, at least in certain tests, but rugby skills such as sprinting or scrummaging did not show such improvements.
Building and strengthening muscles
Leg muscles
Changes in Strength in the Normal Quadriceps Femoris Muscle as a Result of Electrical Stimulation
The purpose of this analysis was to determine the extent to which the normal quadriceps femoris muscle can be strengthened by means of electrical muscle stimulation without support from simultaneous isometric muscle contraction.
Methods
A total of 58 subjects were randomly distributed to one of three independent groups. One group trained with isometric strength training of the quadriceps femoris muscle (n = 20), and another group was stimulated daily with the right quadriceps femoris muscle (n = 19). A third group served as a control group (n = 19).
Results
The moment for the quadriceps femoris muscle increased in each case in the isometric training group and in the electrical stimulation group (p < .001). Such significant changes were not observed in the control group. The data support the use of this electronic stimulator as an appropriate device for strengthening skeletal muscles without voluntary effort.
R. K. Laughman, J. W. Youdas, T. R. Garrett, E. Y. S. Chao.
Changes in neuromuscular function after training with functional electrical stimulation
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there would be changes in the neuromuscular function of the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and rectus femoris (RF) after 6 weeks of functional electrical stimulation (FES) training. In addition, it was to be investigated whether the effects would persist after a 6-week recovery period.
Muscle activity was stimulated over a 6-week period (30 min/day, 5 days/week, total of 30 sessions). The stimulation pattern consisted of a symmetrical biphasic pulse current (10 V, i.e., submaximal) with ramp modulation of frequency (4-75-4 Hz) and pulse duration (400-100-400 μs). FES was administered via a clinical neurostimulator (Multiprocess 16+, Physitech; Electronique Médicale, Marseille, France).
Immediately after functional electrical stimulation, a significant increase in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was observed in the rectus femoris and flexor digitorum brevis. This significant increase was still observed after 6 weeks of functional electrical stimulation. Functional electrical stimulation also resulted in a significant increase in endurance time to fatigue (+18 ± 7%). In contrast, the non-stimulated muscles showed no changes in endurance time to fatigue and MVC. The results suggest that muscle function can be improved by the use of functional electrical stimulation, and that central muscle activation can be altered. For the flexor digitorum brevis, the benefits of functional electrical stimulation were greater. Furthermore, in the present results, the benefits lasted longer in the FDB.
2003. T. Marqueste, F. Hug, P. Decherchi, Y. Jammes.
The Effectiveness of EMS during Tennis Training: A Case Study of Antelope.
The aim of the case study was to investigate the effectiveness of EMS training during tennis training.
Antelope followed tennis player Sophia Bergner for three months. In addition to Sophia's normal training, she performed EMS training two to three times a week. After the three months, Sophia's strength and mobility were measured using FPZ equipment from the company DAVID.
After the three months, the following strength gains were measured for Sophia: Pelvic extension increased by 12 percent, pelvic flexion decreased by 5.4 percent. The strength in rotation or stroke with her right arm increased by 25.2 percent, with her left arm it was even 51.9 percent. Strength gains in rotation of both outer shoulder joints improved by 19.5 percent. Strength gains were also observed in her legs: The strength in her right leg improved by 6.4 percent, and so did the strength in her left leg by 17.1 percent. An improved strength gain of 29.2 percent was observed on the leg press machine, and the strength gain of knee flexion on both sides was 11.5 percent.
Publication Year: 2022
On the effect of high-frequency EMS on muscle strength and muscle mass.
Purpose of the analysis
Over a two-week period, female subjects trained the gastrocnemius muscle with electrical stimulation.
Methods
Skinfold thickness, lower leg circumference, and maximum static plantar flexion force were measured before the start of the study and after the stimulation period.
Results
At the end of the stimulation period, the skinfold thickness of the subjects was significantly reduced. In addition, the circumference of the lower leg was slightly increased and highly significant. Strength was also highly significantly increased. Based on the results, it can be suggested that the increase in strength achievable with electrical stimulation may be accompanied by an increase in muscle mass. Furthermore, improved intramuscular coordination can be assumed here.
German Journal of Sports Medicine, 1987. M. Cabric & H. J. Appell.
Improvement of Isometric Strength in the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Following Electrical Stimulation Training
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate whether the isometric force in the quadriceps femoris muscle could be significantly increased by means of isometric training under electrical stimulation (ES). In addition, it aimed to measure whether the relative strength and duration of the training contractions were related to the changes in strength.
The methods involved 24 subjects who were divided into an experimental group (n=12) and a control group (n=12). Both groups were pre- and post-tested to determine maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVISCs). For four weeks, the experimental group trained three times a week with maximal tolerable isometric contractions induced by electrical stimulation.
The results showed that both the experimental and control groups showed an increase in isometric strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle. However, the experimental group with electrical stimulation had a significantly greater increase (p < .01) in isometric training with electrical stimulation than the control group without electrical stimulation. In the experimental group, the relative strength improvement correlated with the intensity and duration of the training contraction. Furthermore, the relative strength improvement was positive and significant in this group.
Physical Therapy, 1985. D.M. Selkowitz.
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Progressive Electrical Stimulation Strength Training for Competitive Tennis Players
The purpose of the analysis was to examine the influence of electro-stimulated strength exercises on tennis players' anaerobic performance during the preparation season.
Methods
12 tennis players (7 women and 5 men) completed 9 quadriceps training sessions over 3 weeks, each lasting 16 minutes (frequency: 85 Hz; on-off ratio: 5.25-25 seconds). For this purpose, electro-stimulated training sessions were integrated into the tennis training sessions. Shuttle sprint time, maximum quadriceps force, and vertical jump height were measured.
Results
Compared to the start of the study, countermovement jump height was significantly higher in week five (+5.3%) and week six (+6.4%) (p < 0.05). In the sixth week, participants showed a significantly shorter 2 x 10-meter sprint time (-3.3%) compared to before training (p = 0.004). The training parameters were linearly progressive within the 3-week training period. Thus, electro-stimulated strength training was successfully integrated into the training. Anaerobic power and stretch-shortening cycle power showed delayed improvement throughout the study period. The study results indicate that progressive electro-stimulated strength training can be integrated into the early tennis season and improve anaerobic performance for both women and men.
N. Maffiuletti, J. Bramanti, M. Jubeau, M. Bizzini, G. Deley, G. Cometti.
Voluntary Force Enhancement in Healthy Muscle by Optimization of Electrical Stimulation
The purpose of the analysis was to evaluate the effects of low-dose electrical stimulation on improving muscle strength.
Methods
Six healthy women and nine healthy men (20 to 32 years old) received electrical stimulation on the muscle of the right anterior thigh. The left leg was not electrically stimulated and served as a control. Electrical stimulation was performed twice a week for five weeks. Electrical stimulation was repeated eight times per session. Each stimulation produced isometric force, with each stimulation producing isometric force equivalent to 50% of the subject's maximal voluntary isometric contraction.
Results
Electrical stimulation was able to increase the quadriceps femoris' force in the male subjects of the study, after it was used with low-dose and specified training characteristics.
Physical Therapy, 1988. C.-L. Soo, D.P. Currier, A.J. Threlkeld.
The Effects of Electromyostimulation Training on Muscle Strength and Power in Elite Rugby Players.
Purpose of the Analysis
The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week electromyostimulation training program on the performance of elite rugby players.
Methods
Participants consisted of 25 rugby players, of whom 15 were assigned to an electrostimulation group, and 10 others were assigned to a control group. Training sessions were conducted three times a week for the first six weeks and only once a week for the next six weeks. Electrical stimulation was performed on the gluteus, foot flexors, and knee extensors. Sprint running times, vertical jump height, and knee flexor strength were also measured.
Results
Squat jump (+10.0 +/- 9.5%; p < 0.01), drop jump from a height of 40 centimeters (+6.6 +/- 6.1%; p < 0.05), knee flexion strength (+15.0 +/- 8.0%; < p 0.001) and maximum concentric moment (p < 0.05) improved in the electrostimulation group. There were no significant changes within the control group. Performance and muscle strength in elite rugby players improved after a 12-week electrostimulation training, at least in certain tests, but rugby skills such as sprinting or scrum showed no such improvements.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2007. N. Babault, G. Cometti, M. Bernardin, M. Pousson, J.-C. Chatard.
Muscle Training in the Future: Scientific and Practical Application of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Training (WB EMS) with Special Focus on Strength Training
Methods
80 sports students trained the flexor and extensor muscles of the leg twice a week on exercise machines (from the company GYM80) in different groups (muscle building, strength endurance, maximum strength; in 3 sets each). For this purpose, the subjects trained with different additional loads (30 to 90% of the individual maximum strength; 1 repetition maximum) with 3 to 15 repetitions. Sports students had at least 2 years of experience in strength training before the start of the study. Another group trained with whole-body electromyostimulation (EMS). For this, subjects in this group performed lunges and squats without additional load during electrical stimulation (3 sets, 10 repetitions, load/pause 6s/4s, pulse frequency 85Hz, pulse width 350µs, rectangular pulse). Training took place twice a week for 4 weeks. The dynamics of the participants were measured by power, which is composed of force and speed and can be increased via these components.
Results
The muscle performance of the leg extensor and leg flexor muscles improved significantly in all groups performing strength training. These improvements occurred across the strength factor, except in the whole-body electromyostimulation group and the mixed WB-EMS/muscle building group. Only these two groups showed significant improvements in speed. The improvement in measured performance occurred through increased speed by approximately 30. Therefore, speed, which is not easy to target, was improved within a short period. This could be due to the fact that the fast muscle fibers were directly targeted via electrical stimulation during whole-body electromyostimulation training. Furthermore, the results could show that whole-body electromyostimulation in combination with a dynamic execution of a movement can be a promising way to train speed and strength, as long as whole-body electromyostimulation training is applied in a well-tuned manner.
Medicalsports network, 2007. H. Kleinöder.
The effect of electrical stimulation on human skeletal muscle
Purpose of the analysis
The purpose of this study was to examine the adaptive and acute effects of electrical stimulation on the quadriceps muscle in healthy male subjects.
Results
Four weeks of electrical stimulation improved muscle strength. This improvement was similar to the results of a comparable voluntary exercise program. The acute effects of electrical stimulation (the formation of lactate, the decrease in certain enzyme activities, and the depletion of glycogen and phosphagen stores) were similar to the effects previously recorded with intensive muscle training. No significant changes in muscle and mitochondrial properties or enzyme activities were observed within four to five weeks of electrical stimulation. The effects of electrical stimulation on the quadriceps muscle appeared to be less "speed-specific" and more "position-specific" compared to training performed with slow isokinetic contractions.
International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1981. E. Eriksson, T. Haggmark, K. H. Kiessling & J. Karlsson.
Electromyostimulation (EMS) training effects on nerve supply and muscle architecture
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of a four- and eight-week electromyostimulation (EMS) training on the neural and muscular adaptations of the knee extensor muscle.
Methods included 12 men assigned to the electrostimulation group and 8 men to the control group. Participants were tested at three time points: Before the start of the study, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks. The training program was conducted over a total of 32 sessions of isometric EMS. Neural adaptations were assessed using EMG activity and muscle activation measured during maximal voluntary contraction. EMG responses and torque during electrically evoked contractions, the pennation angle of the vastus lateralis (VL), and the anatomical cross-sectional area of the muscle (ACSA) were investigated to study the muscular changes.
Results showed at week 8 a significant increase in normalized EMG activity of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles (+69 and +39%, respectively, P < 0.001). No significant increase was observed for the rectus femoris muscle at week 8. Maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensors significantly increased by 27% (P < 0.001) and was associated with VL pennation angle (+14%, P < 0.001), ACSA (physiological cross-sectional area) of the quadriceps (+6%, P < 0.001) and an increase in muscle activation (+6%, P < 0.01). At week 8, the ACSA of the VM, VL, and vastus intermedius muscles were also significantly increased (5-8%, P < 0.001), but not at week 4. No changes were observed in the RF muscle.
The conclusion was that voluntary force (of the knee extensor muscle) can be increased after EMS training due to both neural and muscular adaptations. The changes selectively affected the monoarticular vastii muscles.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2005. J. Gondin, M. Guette, Y. Ballay, A. Martin.
Neural and Muscular Changes Following a Detraining Period After Electrostimulation Training.
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the influence of a four-week training program following an eight-week training program with electrical stimulation on the muscular and neural properties of the knee extensor muscles, as well as changes in muscle strength.
Methods
Nine subjects completed an eight-week training program consisting of 32 sessions of isometric electrical stimulation training. The subjects were tested before training, after eight weeks of ES training, and after four weeks.
Results
Following training, a significant increase of 26% in knee extensor strength was observed. This increase was accompanied by an increase in EMG activity in the vastus medialis muscle (normalized to the respective M-wave (+43%), muscle activation, and physiological cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the quadriceps (+6%). Knee extensor MVC values remained significantly (14%) above baseline values at the end of the study period. This was associated with a larger ACSA of the quadriceps (3%), but not with greater neural activation. Following the detraining period, muscle activation (5%), knee extensor MVC (9%), EMG activity of the vastus medialis muscle (20%), and ACSA of the quadriceps (3%) significantly increased.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006. J. Gondin, M. Guette, Y. Ballay & A. Martin
Changes in Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Strength Using Isometric Exercise versus Electrical Stimulation
The purpose of the study was to measure and compare the isometric and isokinetic strength of the quadriceps muscle.
Methods
Participants were divided into three groups. Group 1 served as the control group (n=9) and was not allowed to change their daily activities for five weeks. Group 2 trained their quadriceps femoris muscle three times a week for five weeks with maximal voluntary isometric training (n=10). Group 3 trained contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscle three times a week for five weeks with electrical stimulation.
Results
Analysis of the results showed significant strength increases (P < 0.05) for both the electrostimulation and isometric exercise groups. No changes in strength were observed in the control group.
Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 1987. R.J. Kubiak, K.M. Whitman, R.M. Johnston.
The effect of different intensities of electromyostimulation training on strength improvement
Purpose of the analysis
The effect of electromotor stimulation (EMS) on strength training in the quadriceps femoris was to be investigated.
Methods
24 subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: one group trained at 50% of maximal voluntary isometric contractions (high intensity, HI), and another group trained at 25% of maximal isometric contractions (low intensity, LI). A third group served as a control group.
Results
After 3 weeks of the EMS training program, significant improvements in strength were observed in both training groups. The strength gain was significantly greater in the HI training group (48.5%) than in the LI training group (24.2%) (p <0.01). A three-week follow-up period revealed a significant carry-over effect, which was particularly marked in the HI group. Positive isokinetic changes in strength in concentric mode were also recorded in the training groups. In addition, a significant cross-transfer effect was observed in the contralateral homologous muscle group in both training groups (p <0.01).
The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 1988. H.S. Lai, G. de Domenico, G.R. Straus.
The Effects of Electromyostimulation Training and Basketball Training on Muscle Strength and Jumping Ability
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the effects of a 4-week electromyostimulation training program on knee extensor muscle strength and vertical jump performance in basketball players.
Methods included training three times a week with electrical stimulation for 10 basketball players. One session consisted of 48 contractions. Three tests were performed: one test before the start of the study, one test after four weeks of the electromyostimulation training program, and one test after 4 weeks of regular basketball training.
Results showed that isometric strength at the two angles adjacent to the training angle was increased by electromyostimulation training (p < 0.01). After 4 weeks, jump from squat significantly increased by 14% (p < 0.01); jump from countermovement showed no change. Isokinetic strength significantly increased (p < 0.05) at eccentric and high concentric speeds (between 180 and 3608 × s-1), but not at low concentric speeds (60 and 1208 × s-1). Increases in isometric and isokinetic strength during jump performance and squat jump were maintained at week eight. Power increased by 17% at week eight (p < 0.01). The basketball players who used electromyostimulation as part of a short strength training program improved squat jump performance and knee extensor muscle strength.
2000. N. A. Maffiuletti, G. Cometti, I.G. Amiridis, A. Martin, M. Pousson, J. C. Chatard.
Neuromuscular adaptations to electrostimulation resistance training
Purpose of the Analysis
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of short-term resistance training with electrical stimulation on the neural and muscular adaptations of the weaker or less dominant quadriceps femoris muscle in healthy subjects.
Results
An increase in maximal voluntary force was observed (+12%). This increase was accompanied by muscular (decreased contractile properties of the whole muscle) and neural (increased muscle activation and cross-education effect) changes. In addition, significant changes were found in single-fibre cross-sectional area (+27% for type 1 muscle fibres and +6% for type 2A muscle fibres), specific tension of type 1 fibres (+67%) but not of type 2A fibres, and relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) content (+22% for MHC-2A and -28% for MHC-2X). The changes occurring at the level of individual muscle fibres as a result of resistance training with electrical stimulation were significant and primarily affected type 1 slow fibres.
2006. N. A. Maffiuletti, R. Zory, D. Miotti, M. A. Pellegrino, M. Jubeau, R. Bottinelli.
Strengthening human quadriceps muscles using cutaneous electrical stimulation
The purpose of the analysis was to examine the effects of electrical stimulation training on quadriceps strength.
Methods included 16 healthy subjects, randomly divided into two groups (an electrical stimulation group and an isometric group). All subjects trained four times a week for three weeks. The isometric training consisted of 10-second maximum contractions with 50-second rest periods per session.
Results showed that quadriceps strength was significantly improved in both groups (22 +/- 5.3% in the electrical group and 25 +/- 6.9% in the isometric group (p < 0.02)). Apparently, strength did not change depending on the level of stimulation voltage (5-10 V), nor was it dependent on the induced tension. There were no significant differences between the strength gains (p > 0.05). No muscle damage, pain or other side effects were observed within the electrical stimulation group. The results indicate that cutaneous electrical stimulation can be a viable alternative to strength training. Cutaneous electrical stimulation appears to be a practical application for the rehabilitation of patients unable to perform effective voluntary contractions.
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1983. D.F. Miken, M. Todd-Smith & C. Thompson. Scandinavian.
The Effects of Electromyostimulation Training and Volleyball Training on Jump Performance.
The purpose of the analysis is to investigate the influence of a four-week electromyostimulation (EMS) training program on the vertical jump performance of volleyball players.
Methods involved the participation of a total of 12 volleyball players. EMS training sessions were integrated into volleyball training three times a week. The knee extensor and foot flexor muscles were simultaneously stimulated 20-22 times during the EMS training sessions for approximately 12 minutes.
The results showed that after the completion of EMS training, there were no significant changes in countermovement hop and squat jump performance, but mean power and average height increased significantly by approximately 4% (p < 0.05). Ten days after the completion of EMS training, a significant increase in jump height (p < 0.05) was observed for single jumps (SJ +6.5%, CMJ +5.4%). To the extent that EMS resistance training aims to improve vertical jumping ability, sports-specific training after EMS training could allow the central nervous system to generate optimized control over neuromuscular properties.
The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2003. D. Malatesta, F. Cattaneo, S. Dugnani & N. A. Maffiuletti.
Back muscles
Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation versus high-intensity resistance training on body composition and strength: A randomized controlled trial
Aim of analysis
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB EMS) and high-intensity training (HIT) on muscle strength and body composition in middle-aged men. For this, 48 untrained, healthy men aged between 30 and 50 were randomly assigned to either a WB-EMS group (3 sessions in two weeks) or a HIT group (2 sessions in one week). Both groups trained for a total of 16 weeks. The WB EMS group trained with intermittent stimulation (6 seconds WB-EMS, 4 seconds pause; 85 Hz, 350 µs) for 20 minutes, and the HIT group trained with a "single-set-to-failure protocol".
Results
In both groups, the changes in LBM (lean body mass) were significant (HIT 1.25% ± 1.44% vs. WB EMS). The differences between the groups were not significant. Back extensor strength and leg extensor strength increased in both the WB EMS group and the HIT group, but again, no significant differences between the groups were registered. Similar changes were also noted for body fat.
Conclusion
Based on the study results, WB EMS can be considered a costly but time-saving alternative to HIT resistance training for those who wish to achieve improvements in overall body and strength composition.
W. Kemmler, M. Teschler, A. Weißenfels, M. Bebenek, M. Fröhlich, M. Kohl, S. von Stengel.
The EMS program used is similar to the strength program from Antelope.
Arm muscles
The effectiveness of EMS during tennis training: A case study of Antelope
The purpose of the case study was to investigate the effectiveness of EMS training during tennis training.
Antelope followed tennis player Sophia Bergner for three months. In addition to Sophia's normal training, she performed EMS training two to three times a week. After the three months, Sophia's strength and mobility were measured using FPZ equipment from the company DAVID.
After the three months, the following strength gains were measured for Sophia: Back extension increased by 12 percent, trunk flexion decreased by 5.4 percent. The strength of the punching movement or rotation with her right arm increased by 25.2 percent, while with her left arm it increased by as much as 51.9 percent. Strength gains were also observed in her legs: The strength in her right leg improved by 6.4 percent, and the strength in her left leg improved by 17.1 percent. An improved strength gain of 29.2 percent was observed on the leg press, and the strength gain of knee bends on both sides was 11.5 percent.
Year of publication: 2022
Abdominal muscles
The Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training on Abdominal Strength, Endurance, and Selected Anthropometric Measurements
Purpose of the analysis
The purpose was to investigate the influence of self-administered neuromuscular electrical stimulation on changes in endurance, strength, selected anthropometric measurements, as well as satisfaction and shape of the abdominal region as experienced by the subjects.
Methods
Over 8 weeks, 24 subjects stimulated their abdominal muscles for 20 to 40 minutes per session, 5 days a week. The stimulation took place over a period of 8 weeks. The subjects abstained from additional training during this period. 16 additional subjects were assigned to a control group and abstained from abdominal training or other training during the period.
Results
Abdominal endurance increased by 100% in the stimulation group and by 28% in the control group. Within the stimulation group, abdominal strength also increased by 58%, while the control group showed no changes in this regard. Waist circumference decreased by 3.5 cm within the stimulation group. No significant change in waist circumference was observed in the control group. All 24 subjects in the stimulation group felt that their abdominal area appeared "firmer" and more toned. In addition, they reported noticing improved posture as a result of the stimulation. Within the control group, none of the subjects reported this. Regarding body weight, BMI, and skinfold thickness, no significant differences were found between the stimulation and control groups. In the study, NMES led to significant improvements in endurance and muscle strength, as well as perceived satisfaction and shape of the abdominal region by the subjects in the stimulation group.
2005. J. P. Porcari , J. Miller, K. Cornwell, C. Foster, M. Gibson, K. McLean, T. Kernoze.
Comparison of the effects of electrical stimulation and exercise on abdominal muscles
Methods
32 subjects (21 women, 11 men) aged 20 to 40 years were randomly assigned to one of four groups: one group received electrical stimulation, one group performed exercises, another group performed exercises with simultaneous electrical stimulation, and one group served as a control group. The study period was 4 weeks. The duration of sustained contraction and the number of repetitions were increased over this period by a value determined before the start of the study.
Results
Abdominal muscle strength increased most significantly in the electrical stimulation group. There was no significant change between the groups regarding endurance. Tissue resistance decreased, while current and voltage increased significantly. It appeared that the combination of exercise and stimulation could be the most effective method for improving abdominal muscle strength.
Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 1987. G. Alon, S.A. McCombre, S. Koutsantonis, L.J. Stumphauzer, K.C. Burgwin, M.M. Parent, R.A. Bosworth.
Oxygen consumption
Prolonged training with electrical muscle stimulation improves strength, peak VO2, and exercise capacity in patients with stable chronic heart failure.
Purpose of the analysis
The study was designed to determine the effects of electric muscle stimulation training on patients with stable chronic heart failure.
Methods
10 patients were randomly assigned to an 8-week training program or usual activity for a crossover study (9 men, age 66 +/- 6.5 years).
Results
Mean values for peak oxygen uptake, 6-minute walk distance, quadriceps strength, and body mass index at baseline were 19.5 +/- 3.5 mL x kg x min, 415.1 +/- 56.6m, 377.9 +/- 110.4N, and 27.9 +/- 3.1 kg/m(2), respectively. Following completion of the training program, peak oxygen uptake increased to 21.2 +/- 5.1 mL x kg x min (P < .05), 6-minute walk distance increased to 454.9 +/- 54.5M (P < .005), and quadriceps strength increased to 404.9 +/- 108.6N (P < .005). No significant effect was found for BMI (P > .05).
Conclusion
For sedentary adults with stable chronic heart failure, EMS improved physical fitness and functional performance. EMS may be an alternative to exercise for patients unable to perform more conventional forms of physical activity.
P. Banerjee, B. Caulfield, L. Crowe, A. L. Clark.
Electromyostimulation (EMS) improves exercise capacity and left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of different stimulation options on key parameters of exercise tolerance in individuals with chronic heart failure.
Methods
Twenty-four stable patients (NYHA II-III) with chronic heart failure were recruited for an EMS training program. An EMS training program was conducted twice a week for 10 weeks. The training lasted 20 minutes per session. An EMS training device was used for the study. Electrical stimulation was performed simultaneously on 8 major muscle areas (extensive EMS training; 12 patients; 9 men; mean age 62.17±12.6 years). These results were compared with a group where patients received limited electrical stimulation to the gluteal and thigh muscles (limEMS; 12 patients; 10 men; mean age 62.17±12.6 years). The effects on oxygen uptake, left ventricular function, exercise tolerance, and recognized biomarkers for chronic heart failure were investigated.
Results
Oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold increased significantly in both groups. In the exEMS group from 14.7±3.42 to 19.6±4.5 ml/kg/min (+32.65%, p<0.001) and in the limEMS group from 13.6±3.0 to 16.0±3.8 ml/kg/min (+17.6%, p=0.003). In the exEMS group, the left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 38.42±7.6 to 45.21±8.6% (+18.42%, p=0.001) and in the limEMS group from 37.1±3.0 to 39.5±5.3% (+6.5%, p=0.27). The changes in oxygen uptake and ejection fraction were greater in the exEMS group than in the limEMS group. The difference between the groups was not significant.
PERFUSION, 2013. F. van Buuren, K. P. Mellwig, C. Prinz, T. Kottmann, B. Körber, A. Fründ, L. Faber, N. Bogunovic, J. Dahm, D. Horstkotte, D. Fritzsche.
Oxygen uptake and muscle fatigue induced by whole-body electromyostimulation compared to bodyweight circuit training of the same duration.
The purpose of the analysis was to investigate the extent to which whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) training affects muscle fatigue and metabolic demand.
Methods
A total of 10 subjects participated in the study. An experimental group trained with whole-body EMS (5 exercises), and a control group performed five bodyweight exercises. Training sessions lasted 15 minutes each and were based on isometric intermittent contractions (6 contractions with 4 seconds rest). Tests were conducted to measure muscle fatigue using force decrement determination: countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull, plyometric push-up. Using a measurement of respiratory gas exchange, energy expenditure and oxygen uptake during the exercises were measured.
Results
A greater amount of energy expenditure (WB-EMS 470 ± 71 kcal/h; control group 438 ± 61 kcal/h, p = 0.013) and oxygen uptake (WB-EMS 1584 ± 251 ml/min; control group 1465 ± 216 ml/min, p = 0.006) was found in the whole-body EMS group than in the control group. Training with whole-body EMS resulted in muscle fatigue (all PRE vs. POST tests p ≤ 0.02), but not in the control group (all p > 0.14).
Sport Sciences for Health, 2016. G. Boccia, A. Fornasiero, A. Savoldelli, L. Bortolan, A. Rainoldi, F. Schena & B. Pellegrini.
High-intensity Training & EMS
Whole-body electromyostimulation vs High-intensity resistance training - effects on body composition and muscle strength.
The aim of the analysis was to compare the effects of WB-EMS (whole-body electromyostimulation) and HIT (high-intensity training) on muscular parameters in healthy, untrained, working middle-aged men. For this purpose, 46 men aged between 30 and 50 years were randomly assigned to a WB-EMS and an HIT group. The study should be understood as a 16-week parallel-group training study.
The results showed that total lean body mass (LBM) changed significantly (p ≤ 0.003) in both groups (HIT: 1.24 ± 1.40% vs. WB-EMS: 0.91 ± 1.12%). No significant difference was found between the groups. Abdominal fat mass (AF) and total fat percentage (TF) also significantly decreased in both groups (-4.1 ± 7.4% to 5.9 ± 6.2%; p = 0.031 - p <0.001). Again, there were no significant differences between groups (TF: p = 0.975; AF: p = 0.499). Favorable changes were noted in dynamic maximal strength of the leg extensors (HIT: 13.5 ± 13.9%, p <0.001 vs. WB-EMS: 8.0 ± 10.2%, p = 0.008), but no significant differences (p = 0.332) were found between the groups. This effect remained consistent even after adjusting for threshold values (non-)significant differences in baseline values (p = 0.348). Static maximal strength of the trunk extensors also showed no significant differences (HIT: 10.4 ± 9.0%, p <0.001 versus 11.7 ± 9.9%, p <0.001) between the two groups.
2015. W. Kemmler, M. Teschler, A. Weissenfels M. Froehlich, M. Kohl, S. von Stengel.
Effects of HIT versus WB-EMS on cardiovascular-metabolic risk in untrained men aged between 30 and 50 years.
The purpose of the study was to compare the influence of HIT (High Intensity Training) and WB-EMS (Whole Body EMS Training) on cardiometabolic risk factors in untrained middle-aged men (30-50 years).
Methods
Untrained men were randomly assigned to two groups. One group trained for 16 weeks (bipolar, 20 min, 85Hz, 350ms, intermittent), while the other group also trained for 16 weeks with HIT training.
Results
The time efficiency between the two groups showed comparable results in terms of net training time (~30min/TE; HIT: 60min/week vs. WB-EMS: 30min/week). WB-EMS and also the HIT training showed significant improvements (p=.096) regarding the MetS-Z-score (HIT: p=.031 vs. WB-EMS: p=.001) and abdominal fat content (HIT: -4.5±8.1%, p=.014 vs. WB-EMS: -4.0±5.2%, p=.002). Cholesterol/HDL-C ratios did not show significant changes between groups, although this was originally hypothesized (HIT: -2.7±7.4, p=.216 vs. WB-EMS: -2.2±10.2, p=.441).
Conclusion
The results indicate that both HIT and WB-EMS are comparably effective, economical, and attractive methods for reducing cardiometabolic risk factors in untrained middle-aged men. WB-EMS can be considered a training option that may be effective, but expensive, and suitable for a target group with limited time resources who cannot perform classical HIT training.
Imp Erlangen, 2016. A. Weissenfels, M. Teschler, S. von Stengel, W. Kemmler, M. Bebenek.
Glossary
Words and their meanings.
Anaerobic Threshold: The highest intensity of exertion an individual can maintain for an extended period, while achieving equilibrium between lactate production and breakdown (salt of lactic acid in the muscles).
Anthropometry: The science of human body and skeleton characteristics and their accurate determination.
Carry-over effect: The influence of a therapy from a previous treatment.
Chronic heart failure: Progressive heart disease in which the heart's ability to pump blood declines to a point where not enough blood, and thus oxygen and nutrients, can be pumped to organs.
Creatine kinase (CK): Enzyme used for the diagnosis of muscle diseases.
Cross-education effect: Bilateral muscle is only trained on one side and leads to a strength increase of the muscle on the opposite side.
Electromyostimulation: "Myo" means muscle. The term means "electrical muscle stimulation."
EMG activity: EMG stands for "electromyography." Electromyographic examination measures the electrical activity in specific muscles, which can be used to assess muscle and nerve function.
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES): Makes it possible to influence nerves that the central nervous system is unable to control.
High Intensity Training (HIT): Training with a short period, but at the same time intense training.
Hypertrophy: Excessive enlargement of tissue and organs due to the enlargement of cells (especially due to increased exertion).
Isometric training: Strength training in which the muscle is under maximum sustained tension (isometric contraction) by holding a push or pull for as long as possible.
Left ventricular: Related to the left ventricle of the heart.
Maximum strength: The maximum force that a person's neuromuscular system can voluntarily exert against a resistance.
MCV value (mean corpuscular volume): Indicates the average volume of a red blood cell.
Metabolic syndrome: Combination of the following risk factors: too much abdominal fat, high blood fat and blood sugar levels, and high blood pressure.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation: Triggering contractions of muscle groups or individual muscles using an electrical stimulus (comparable to electrical muscle stimulation).
Obesity: Excessive body weight caused by excess fat.
Postprandial hyperglycemia: Refers to elevated blood sugar levels after a meal.
Sarcopenia: Describes the increasing loss of muscle strength and mass with age.
Speed strength: The ability of the human neuromuscular system to produce the greatest possible impulse of force within a short period.
Strength endurance: The body's ability to sustain a dynamic or static load for an extended period.
Torque: Measure of the force of a body to rotate.